Causes of Building Failures

Causes of construct illsBuilding affliction can be some part of create cracking occur, more than seriously resulting bring edifice collapse. Building collapse will carry the risk of homophile injure or deaths. For example, constructs and structures all around start falling. This causes m whatever masses to get hurt, m whatever of them fa grandiloquenty, because of the clash of falling material. Or, in high rise looks, people themselves might fall from higher floor, thus, getting hurt, due to the impact of fall. Buildings with glass-facades be especially dangerous, as, glass being brittle would tend to crack with smallest deformation of the frame. And, worse, glass being very heavy has a very high impact on hitting somebody. And then, glass shards deem a tendency to go inside the skin and cause damage to internal organs (Sanjay Churiwala and Naveen Gabrani n.d.). In addition, grammatical construction collapse results in property damage and functionality inadequate. It too needs to spent time on clean-up, repair, comprise sackes and so on to get the quickness up and running again.Building that causes fail whitethorn due to numerous of reasons that may non be easy predict before or during the plait. The synopsis shows the general causes of mental synthesis tend to calamity that include unwise land-use and defective in instaurations which atomic yield 18 arise at pre-construction phase and those construction and operational fault which arise at during construction phase. Errors appear from pre-construction and during construction phase has the greatest potential fascinate on a projects final outcome.Building mishap may occur due to third parties touch adviser, Contractor and Developer/ Owner. The Consultants and Contractors had given insufficient of control and supervision of position operation and the quality control. More that, owner also is the unmatchable who be necessitate to give cooperate and any assistance with Consu ltants and Contractors to eke outd the construction project. According to Mohammed Azad Hossain (2009), such(prenominal) errors ultimately lure to a situation, which may involve such failures, which be related to excavation and equipment, inappropriate sequencing, not enough temporary support unnecessary structure weight untimely victorious away of shoring or formwork and non-conformance to design objectives.Problem Statement and Research QuestionFailures have been found in various compositors cases of the builds. Failure in buildings build any time the last 25 years, some as recently as the last couple of year (Steve 2008). A total of 225 building failure in Unites States and the result show that the building failure of low rise building constitutes about 63% of all suit of clothess, followed by multi-storey building as a distant second and this has been established by Kumalasari Wardhana and Fabian C.Hadipriono (2003). Building tend fail are depending on materials, design s, environmental conditions, method of construction and which the building is seat of the use to, etc.Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium is a new multi- besotted stadium in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia which was constructed by South Korean construction firm. On July 3, 2009, a major part of the roof construction collapsed. The major cause such stadium collapsed has been identified are failure by design and materials used, rush suppuration and under-supervised.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim in this dissertation is to study and analyse the building failure and to find out the factor that causing building failure by lead parties involved in construction industries. The objectives areTo study the factor that caused building failure by Contractor.To under reconcile the factor that caused building failure by Consultant andTo de boundine the factor that caused building failure by Developer/ Owner.Scope of StudyThe scope of study emphasizes on the building failure and factors that causing by three parties involved in Construction industries which are Consultant, Contractor and Developer/ Owner.Research MethodologyResearch Methodology is the way in which the research objectives can be questioned. in that location are two types of research strategies, which are quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research is highlight in the collection and analysis of data. This research base on testing of theories and to look for whether the theories are true. For the qualitative research, it approaches seek to gain insights and understand peoples awareness. The understandings, opinions, views, etc. of people are investigate which collect from survey questionnaires and document review. essential Data parentageSurvey QuestionnairesIn this proposal, Survey Questionnaires will be used to collect all the opinions, views, etc. This method is the more accurate since as the first hand information collected from original research. The survey questionnaire form will be distribu ted form to 50 people who are random citizens and the purpose to investigate the major factor of building failure causing by three parties involved in construction industries. The survey questionnaire form will be set out in closed-ended question format for respondent to select the answer. That mean the closed-ended is the limit respondents answers to the survey, such as choosing both yes/no, true/false, or binary choices. More that, the recommendation to reduce such failure in construction industries are also be conducted by survey questionnaire.Secondary Data SourceThe research undertakes a review of all literature which k right awayn as secondary research method that is selection of available related documents on the publication, which channel information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfil reliable aim or express certain views on the nature of the topic (Chris 2003, p.1-2). In this proposal, the information sources and obtains can be fro m reference book which are from Library College and National Library. Beside, information also can be obtained from article and diary that were related to cause failure of the building. Electronic sources such as internet website from Google can helped to found the information which un subdueable in this research, and etc.Dissertation confineFor this study dissertation report involved 5 chapters. The general description of each chapter as followChapter 1 IntroductionThe first chapter is the introduction of the dissertation. The content in this chapter include Project title, background of the research problem, problem statement and research question, aim and objectives, scope of study, research methodology of the study and dissertation contents.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewIn this chapter two is the literature review. It will review on the selection criteria of building failure which in discussed for failure of building, factor that causes of failure by primary parties involved i n construction industry.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyChapter three is includes the research methodologies and to provide the rationale for the method adopted in this dissertation project. Then methods used to research are literature review on journal, reference book, etc., survey questionnaire, and case study.Chapter 4 Research FindingsChapter four is the sermon and result analysis. The data collected and interpret from research method adopted, identify and analysis it, then present and explain the findings. The data present will in a table, chart, diagram, and essay form.Chapter 5 Conclusions and RecommendationsThe last chapter will be the conclusions and recommendations. The achievement of research objectives, recommendations and limitation of the research will be record in this chapter.ReferencesTunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College Harvard Referencing agreement will be using in the research. This Harvard Referencing system is a standard practice at all institution of higher lear ning including Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College.Project cast and ScheduleThe table below is the Project Plan and Schedule of the research proposal project.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWBasic of Building Failure in Construction IndustriesDefinition of Building FailureBuilding Failure is refers to the member within structure or destiny or structure itself which are loss of load carrying capacity. More on the time initiated of building failure is when material stressed to its strength limit and fails to withstand the stresses imposed upon it. The failure will jeopardize itself by crack or breaking, occur permanently deformed, becoming bending and more seriously may collapse (Wikipedia 2012). Calvert (2002) notes the buildings, like all structures, are knowing to support certain loads without deforming excessively. The loads are the weights of people and objects, the weight of rain and snow and the pressure of wind and load of the building itself. With buildings of a some floors, str ength generally accompanies sufficient rigidity, and the design is mainly that of a roof that will keep the weather out while spanning large open spaces. With tall buildings of many floors, the roof is a minor liaison, and the support of the weight of the building itself is the main consideration. Like long bridges, tall buildings are subject to catastrophic collapse. The loads can divide into two parts which called live loads and dead load. Live loads are the weight of temporarily attached to it can experience by like people, machinery and equipment, furniture, appliances, etc. of the building or another(prenominal) structure. But do not including the material that utilized in construction or environmental loads or anything permanently attached to it such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load, or dead load (N.A.N.d.). The case effects of machinery, equipment, furniture, appliances concentration, deflections or cracks moldiness be considered and to mode l the necessary proper intensity of design to considering those effects.Dead load is a fix load in a structure such as a bridge, building, or machine that is the weight from members itself, the supported structure itself, and permanent attachments equipment or accessories that apply in the building (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated 2012). The item that considered of dead load include construction material that use to build or make up the building such as beams, columns, floor systems, ceiling systems, wall systems, doors, windows, floor coverings, wall coverings, cabinets, and the like. Besides, the item considered of permanently attached equipment or accessories such as heating and ventilating systems, electrical trays, piping, etc. In the other way round that the item is not considered to dead load are the things as movable. That item like shelving, desks, chairs, beds, chests, books, copiers, stored items, or anything else that can be move around during the life of the structure. T he feature of dead load shows that they are the weight of final structure. This is creates a bit knockout for the design railroad engineer since in range to design the building, the Engineer must need to know the weight of the structure. Besides, the engineer also needs the accurately define the weights of the final structure. At the author of design process, the weight of the morphological element and the framing are all unknown. So more of time to solution this kind of difficult position is the design Engineer often involves iteration where an educated guess is needed as to where design will finish, the dead loads is based on estimate, select the structure members that based on the estimated loads, dead loads is need to recomputed, then continue the cycle until all the member sizes do not alteration (T. Bartlett Quimby 2007).The aim of the structures are designed is to achieved the requested function of creation, ensuring the structures could be applied all of the loads, and sufficient safety of structures is obtain. In the properly designed system, it will prevent a local anesthetic failure cause immediate and gradual failure of the get along building. The ultimate failure strength of a material or structural element is interpreted carefully consideration in the structural engineering and structural design to prevent failure (Finn 2009). As Aggeliki (2009) notes in his articles, if that are unexpected loads are applied, one of the factor of safety is needed to link into the design analysis to prevent building failure. Nowadays, building codes have improved and expressively to reduce the structural collapses, but it still cannot essential completely prevent the structural failures. Even though the structural failure is become less, but the results still are disastrous. Until now the engineers are still insistently searching the method to reduce structural failures by introduce to proper building standards and other safety requirements. Lastly, reducing of human error, carrying out proper hazard identification, and using suitable maintenance procedures for the structures is the chance can be minimized of structural failure (Suvo 2009).Type of Building FailureThe term of defect is defined as the premature failure of structure and the results cause from improper or substandard engineering, manufacture, design, application and installation. In another way, the term failure can described as the system breakdown or unable to function at all, breakdown in the operation, quality, or appearance of structure, component or material. at that placefore those are different meaning in term of defect with the term failure. So, the following table show some of that various type of building failure (James and Ransom 2007, p.8)Failure TypeExampleAesthetic failureConcrete or render cause crazing or shrinkage cracking.Flaking and shedding of paintwork.Staining and soiling of the finishes.Functional failureCaused sagging of the floors.Leaks in elemen ts such as roofs, walls and floorsFailure of materialsChemical attack of rendering or concrete, mortar or brick.Fungal are attack of the timber.Metals are corrosion.System failure of components and elementsCarbonation of concrete.Leading to corrosion of reinforcement and subsequent cracking and spalling of concrete members.Structural failureremittance which caused downward bm of a building and caused by below ground factors such as desiccation of clay soil.Settlement which also caused downward movement and caused by overloading.Non- structural failureCracking and deboning of plaster.Tenting, deboning and bubbling of floor coverings.Roof tiles and slates are delamination.Reversible failureJamming of door and windows since of moisture intake by these components. Usually in winter or summer, the wood will be dry out and door and window will become unstuck.Irreversible failureChemical reaction (sulphate attack) on mortar or rendering.Excessive distortion in beam, column or wall owing t o structural movement.Primary Parties pertain in Construction IndustriesDefinitionLawrence (2003, p.1-2) indicated that, The management of construction is an enterprise that involves many people with diverse interests, talents and backgrounds. The owner, the design professional and the entreatile organ comprise the primary ternary of parties, but others, such as sub contractors, material suppliers, and bankers, insurance and bonding companies, attorneys and public agency officials, are vital elements of the project team whose interrelated roles must be coordinated to assure a successful project. In this part will concern the duties and responsibilities of the primary parties such as the building contractor, consultants, and Developer/ Owner on the construction project. The primary focus here is on the building contractor who are to carries the lead duties and obligation for the on-site installation work or sometimes off- site as well and all of the associated planning and follow s up. At the same time, also to understand the duties and righteousness for other people and organisations participate to success the project.Definition of Building ContractorAccording to Exforsys Inc. (2010), In the Construction industries, the contractor also can calls as the project engineer or project manager. The contractor is the one an case-by-case who engages in the planning, developing and coordinating of activities in the construction project. The contractor also is the one to supervise the construction and to ensure all necessary measures must be taken in the result of completed finished product. More important is notwithstanding that possible delays due to bad weather or building causes any emergencies, contractor needs to sure that construction work finish are met the deadlines and try do the best of prevent causing any delay.The General contractor is employed by the developer/owner, and may also advice of the Architect to the developer/owner. Contractor must first as sess the project-specific documents (referred to as tender documents). In during of the construction stage, contractor required to visit the site since it will help to get a better understanding of the project. He may handle the work on residential dwellings, commercialized buildings or infrastructure, such as roads, bridges or schools. As the contractor, working hours are more the time is irregular, since any sudden problems that may arise at the construction site and constructor must be available at all times to resolve that problem. Besides, the contractor may need to calculate the monetary value, as also called an estimate. Contractor required providing the approximate price with considers the cost of materials and equipment as well as the cost of labour to the owner for the project.The General Contractors Duties and ResponsibilitiesThat is many duties and Responsibilities that building contractor must be fully complete on day to day in order to ensure the construction project is completed smoothly and in a timely and correct manner. More about that, building contractor also need to ensure the project complete by price specified in the contract. Building contractor to construct the construction project must be according to the designers plans and specifications. Firstly, the traffic of the building contractor is require implementing a plan and direct in which to carry out all the aspects of construction project. This is from hiring the actors to developing the contraction project and follow the step-by-step timeline that the project from start until end.In addition to implementing the construction plan, the building contractor is responsible for hiring, lapse, firing employees who are under the specific construction project with the contractor. For example, building contractor including design and worker selection or appoint as to hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work, managing personnel on site, providin g site surveying and engineering on site, etc. As a supervisor on construction project to supervising the employees, the building contractor must be regard to the workers and also take care of payslip. Ensure engage in hire someone to do work for the contractor.Obtaining the materials for the project also is the one of responsible for the building contractor. For instance, Contractor is the one to providing all of the labour, material, equipment (such as engineering vehicles and tools) and services necessary in the construction project. Since construction projects must be up to the contractor to acquire goods to build the structures, if not, cannot complete without the necessary building materials.Another duty of the building contractor is to applying for building permits from relevant department (local authorities). At before want start to construct the building, it must be acquire all necessary licenses and permits from relevant entities so that the building project just can begin . Since there are many regulation that the building contractor must be follow which relate to these documents which each building in order to engage in construction.The building contractor must complete the project which agrees with all laws, rules and regulations. The building contractor need to research about relevant regulations and laws that are related to the construction process. There are many laws such as different state have their different own law. Those laws will state that when, where and how a building contractor and his crew should build in certain areas. So, the building contractor must be recognized and followed in order to complete the project in a law-abiding manner.Another specific duty of the building contractor is figure issues. The building contractor may require planning all aspects of a construction project which including establish a budget for the construction project. That budget must be follow by the building contractor as closely as possible. For the ex ample that budget will digest the building contractor to gain supplies, hire workers and finish the construction in a cost-efficient manner. That must be taken in serious matter which building contractor to following budgets and his/her should be care with or to ensure that the project will be completed as what was aspiration in the beginning of plan.From the beginning to end of the construction process, reviewing the progress and implementing any changes along the way also is another item which relate to the responsible of a building contractor. The building contractor needs to follow closely of the specific building project and necessary to make any changes when he/she deems fit to do so (Exforsys Inc. 2010).Lastly, the working hours of building contractor are irregular. Those emergencies and surprises may arise which relate to the project and it may occur on-site and sometimes off-site as well. So, as the building contractor must be assistance with an emergency issue available a t all times and to resolve that problem.On the Wikipedia (2012) provided that, In the during construction phase, the building contractor is also responsible for providing temporary utilities on site like equipment, tool, formwork and etc., securing the property, control the quality assurance, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering on site, disposing of or recycling construction waste, monitoring master program (schedules) and cash flows, maintaining accurate records and etc. Besides, he/she should day-to-day go to the site and specialize and administer of a construction site or the progress of a particular building task, such as plumbing, heating or electrical wiring. He or She also require to management of the vendors and trades.The building contractor should be done to prevent any oblation either the safety of the workers or the quality of the work. The contractor is has fully responsibility to complete and the purpose to achieving the quality level and for safety that required in the documents. The building contractor may also be involved in the training of the owners personnel in the operation of the building systems and may be provide some maintenance after construction is complete.It is important that the contractors has an cartel to get satisfy the minimum requirements of the drawings and specifications from the Architect. In the bidding process, the owner will asks for the lowest possible price to perform and that only those things are absolutely required by the drawings and specifications. Thus, the contractor is need obligated to satisfy those minimum requirements and no more. Of course, the owner is always free to require additional performance by change order.In the design / bid / build method, the owner only contract with the contractor. In the case, the contractor has no any contract with the designer. Then the contractors is required responsibility to comply any requirements of the contract with the owner. All eff orts by contractor are essential to prevent the structural failure as it causes dangers to human life and property. There are the numerous of causes for a structural failure, and there is a requirement for a proper analysis of all the factors before construction (N.A, N.D).Definition of ConsultantsWho are the consultants? The consultants can be the design consultants, cost and contract consultants, land surveyors, etc. The design consultants usually comprises of the architect, civil and structural engineers, mechanical and electrical engineers and other specializer designers, such as interior designers, landscape architects, lighting specialists, town planners, etc. Design consultants as a designer of the project in the area he/ she is specialized in. They also as a facilitator of clients need and project brief. Besides, they as an advisor to the client on matters are relating to design and on statutory requirements and by- laws relating to the project. The cost and contract consul tant can be the quantity surveyors. The quantity surveyors usually act as the cost and contract consultant for a project.The General Consultants Duties and ResponsibilitiesIn the following are shows the duties and the responsibilities of both which are design consultants and cost and contract consultant.Design ConsultantsCarrying out design works in their areas of specialization.Ensuring design works are properly coordinated with fellow consultants.Ensuring design complies with the requirements of the authorities, and with the by- laws.Choosing appropriate systems and materials, and making sure design for the elements of the works is kept within the cost plan.Notifying and advising the client on any necessary design changes due to unforeseen circumstances.Ensuring that design works are carried out within the time frame as set out in the programme.Conducting field observations to ensure that the contractor carries out the works as per the specifications and design.Contract documents include a budget, specifications, any general and special conditions prepared by a design professional such as an architect.Cost and Contract ConsultantResponsible for study of the economics and financial implication of a construction project. introductory cost preparation and estimating.Cost plan preparation and cost studies.Contract documentation and administration preparation.Evaluation of contractors tenders.Cash flow forecast and post contract coat monitoring.Valuation of Variations.Preparation of periodic cost report for the client.Evaluation and settlement of contractors claim.Settlement of contractual disputes.Definition of Developer/OwnerThe developer/owner is the party who wishes to have a project constructed and pays for it. The developer/owner can be an individual, a business enterprise or an organization, and it can be both private and public. Developer/Owner is the key out master to the construction production process. In addition, when initiate a construction projec t, developer/owner have a right to selecting project timing, priorities, cost limits, specific requirement, and determine the contractual methods. There are two type of developer/owner which are well informed and know nothing. Developer/Owner who are well informed mean know what they want and take decisive steps to achieve it. Another are know nothing mean the developer/owner need guidance to get their wishes and match them to the available budget.The General Developer/Owner Duties and ResponsibilitiesBasically the duties and responsibilities of the developer/owner in a project can be under the followingProviding the clients brief and limpidity of brief.Financing the project, i.e. they pay for the project.Ensure safety, health and environment aspects of the project are complied with in accordance with the legislation as laid down by DOSH and the part of Environment.Make sure smooth incorporation and prevent disruption takes place.Avoidance of interruption to professional advisors job.Building Failure Caused by Primary PartiesGeneralAdel Abdulaziz Al Barrak (1993) postulates that, the construction business is the much higher level of competitors than any other business. As the result showing that, construction business has very high risks could lead to failure are exposed than any other business. Therefore, to determine cases of failure should be studied and such cases should be avoided in order to reduce that number of failure. The construction business need to more attention to treat the weak point. In the section will study the various building failure that cases by primary Parties involved in construction industries. There are three parties involved, namely, developer/ owner, consultant, and contractor. The relationship between these parties is adversarial since different parties has different goals they want to meet and each party goals that will has arisen conflict with the other parties goals. For the instances, the developer/ owner want the project b e low cost to expend and result in good quality. But this will reduce the profit that contractor gain. Besides, as the consultant, he/she wants the project is much more attractive and safe. In this circumstance, it may cause both the contractor and the developer/ owner spend more money or extra cost on the project. Except on this relation among parties, which still have more any other reason could be a major source of building failure.Building Failure Caused by ContractorMore commonly factor that strong influence in the contractors failures in the project or building are lack of experience, poor labour productivity, bad management decisions, lack clearly assigning the responsibility and authority, recruiting multinationals, neglect, frauds, lack of control or supervision system, and lack of communication system.Lack of ExperienceThat is important the building contractor must have the experience in the construction project. Contractor is the person who is daily to manage the activiti es process on the construction site. Besides, the building contractor also as field supervision to supervising all hiring worker on site. If the building contractor does not have experience, he may not to solve any problem arise from construction site. Dr. Sadi Assaf (2004) indicated that, the owner should try to employer a higher degree qualified working team in the company because that may able to maximize the usage of the companys resources and avoid any waste resources occur. The working team employer by owner mean should have good experience in the same line of work.As the more experienced building contractor in the project should be able to demonstrating knowledge of, propose a wide array of options, and have the experience with a variety of products, materials and techniques. Little or no experience of the building contractor is the most common cause the project or building failure. That is very difficult if the contractor resign at the halfway through the project, since the new contractor employ by the owner need to take over the work that where ex-contractor leftover off. For instance, the second contractor may not familiar to use the materials or techniques that first contractor have used. In addition, the second contractor may not at the same way that first contractor wishes to did, unless there are very specific drawings are provided (McCaleb Construction Inc, 2012). measly Labour ProductivityPoor labour productivity also mean as poor workmanship in construction industries. Poor workmanship is the actual that cause of construction either in defect or failure