Environmental Engineering Essay Example for Free

Environmental Engineering EssayIt involveswaste wet counsellingandair pollutioncontrol, recycling,waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, surroundingsal sustainability, andpublic healthissues as well as a knowledge ofenvironmental engineering law. It is a related champaign of environmental science. Main task of environmental engineers is to protect public health by protecting (from further degradation), preserving (the perplex delay of), and enhancing the environment.Some work of Environmental engineers Conducts hazardous-waste managementstudies to evaluate the signifi basisce of such hazards, advise on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Design municipal irrigate supply andindustrial wastewater treatmentsystems. Address environmental issues such as the effects ofacid rain, spheric warming,ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution fromautomobile exhaustsandindustrial sources.Environmental scienceis an interdi sciplinaryacademic fieldthat integrates physical and biological sciences, (including but not limited toEcology,Physics,Chemistry,Biology,Soil apprehension,Geology,Atmospheric ScienceandGeography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinaryapproach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental science came alive as a substantive, wide awake field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by the ff. ssues (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems. (b) the reach of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation. (c) the enhanceing public awargonness of a need for carry out in conductressing environmental problems.Related areas of study environmental studies incorporates more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and po licies towards the environment. 2. environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality. Components of Environmental Science Ecologyis the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Ecologists might investigate the relationship between a population of organisms and some physical characteristic of their environment, such as concentration of a chemic or they might investigate the interaction between a two populations of different organisms through some symbiotic or competitive relationship.For example, an interdisciplinary summary of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors might include several related environmental science fields. In an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact certain species bywaterandair pollution,biologistswould describe the flora and fauna,chemistswould analyze the transport of water pollutants to the marsh,physicistswould calculateair pollutionemissions andgeologistswould assist in understanding the marsh foulnesss and bay muds. . Atmospheric sciencesfocuses on the Earths atmosphere, with an emphasis upon its interrelation to separate systems. Atmospheric sciences shadow include studies ofmeteorology, commonaltyhouse gasphenomena,atmospheric dispersion modelingof airborne contaminants,34sound propagation phenomena related tonoise pollution, and evenlight pollution.Taking the example of theglobal warmingphenomena, physicists createcomputer modelsof atmospheric circulation and infra-red radiation transmission, chemists examine the inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions tocarbon dioxidefluxes, and specialists such asmeteorologistsandoceanographers add additional breadth in understanding the atmospheric dynamics. 3. Environmental chemistryis the study of chemical alterations in the environment.Principal areas of study includesoil contaminationa ndwater pollution. The topics of analysis include chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of asolventcontaining lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota. As an example study, consider the case of a leakingsolventtank which has entered the habitat soil of anendangered speciesof amphibian.As a method to puzzle out or understand the extent ofsoil contaminationand subsurface transport of solvent, a computer model would be implemented. Chemists would then characterize the molecular hold fast of the solvent to the specific soil type, and biologists would study the impacts upon soilarthropods, plants, and ultimately pond-dwelling organisms that are the intellectual nourishment of the endangered amphibian. 4. Geosciencesincludeenvironmental geology,environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and organic evolution of the Earths crust.In some classification systems this can also includehyd rology, includingoceanography. As an example study of soilserosion, calculations would be made ofsurface runoffby soil scientists. fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examiningsediment transportin overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity. Ecology study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. starts as earlyish as 300 BC with the Greek named Theophastus, his interest with the interrelationship between organism and the sprightliness environment, become his as the Father of Botany. Environment refers to the sum of all the external forces and conditions acting on an organism or confederation of organism. oekologie was coined by the german zoologist, Ernst Haeckel, comes from the greek word oikos, meaning home or a place to live in. defines as the relationship of animals both to t he organic as well as the inorganic environment, in the mid-1900s two group of botanist, one from the Europe and America, become interested in the study of plants communities, the Europeans concentrated on the composition, structure and distribution of plant communities, on the other hand the Americans concentrate to the development of plant, eventually they become interested at the animals as well, and gave a greater emphasis on inter-relationship of animals and plants.This become the birth of ecology as the formal field of study. British economist, Thomas Malthus, gave special attention to population in the early 19th century, his the first one o recognized the conflict between expanding population and earths capability to supply it. scope of ecology, organism (eg. Proto-plasma, cell, tissue, organ, organ system), population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Organism Levels of musical arrangement of life (inside the organism) Protoplasma it makes up the life sentence su bstance of the cell.Cell basic unit of life Tissue-group of cell performing specific functions Organ- group of tissue carrying a special(prenominal) functions Organ system group of organ doing s specific function. Levels of organization of life (inside the organism) Population group of organism of the same kind or species occupying a particular proposition place at a particular time. Community a group of populations occupying a given area. Ecosystem basic unit of ecology, refers to the interaction between the organism and environment. It includes population, communities, habitat (the place where the organism lives) and the environment. eg. forest, grassland, river, etc. ) Biosphere world of life. It is the portion of the earth where in life on its any form existed. Components of ecosystem Biotic they are the living components of ecosystem consisting of plants, animals and bacteria. Abiotic they are the non living component that consist of substratum, light, rainfall, nutrie nts, soil, temperature, etc. Biotic Components Green plants kn give birth as the producers. They capture the energy coming from the sun and together with the carbon dioxide in the air and H2O converts this into food energy.They are called autotrophs (self nourishing), they manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis. There are also microscopic green plant called phytoplanktons, they give the green color to the bodies of water such as lake and rivers Animals Known as the consumers. Obtain other food sources to other plants and animals they are called heterotrophs. ternary types of consumers Herbivores that eat plants only Carnivores animals that eat other animals. Omnivores- eat both plants and animals.Bacteria and Fungi They are called decomposers. They eat the beat(p) bodies of plants and animals, where they get their energy and convert it to other nutrients back into the environment. They are popular called the janitor of the nature. Abiotic Components Soil the upper layer of the earths crust affected by plants and animals serves as the habitat and pool of nutrients for umteen organism. Humus dark decaying organic substance found in the soil. Physical characteristic of soil Color The color of the soils is model by the element present in the soil.Soil color and element presesent Grey (lacks of iron) Brown red (rich in iron) Texture the texture of the soil affects the amount of water and nutrients the soil can hold. Texture of the soil Sandy (composed of coarse particles) Clay (consist of fine particles) Silt (composed of medium size particles. ) Loamy (mixture of clay, sand and silt) Moisture Water content of the soil. It is influence by factors such as Texture Amount of rainfall Slope of the land Underlying rock type. pH The concentration of hydrogen ions on the soil.The soil which contain a large amount of lime is alkaline and with large amount of granite id acidic. pH value raging from 1-6 is acidic and 8-14 are basic slice those with 7 reading is neutral type of soil. Structure Refers to the arrangement of its particle which build up larger amount of soil structure is called peds. The peds injury will result to the poor drainage of water to the soil. 2. Water Importance of water in ecosystem It comprise of a large percentage of the tissues of all living organism. Required by plants to support their non woody tissues.Used by the plants as a vessel of nutrients from the soil. It is absorbed by the plant and release in the environment which produces the cooling effect. Plant adaptation to water (Based on the tolerance of plant to water. ) * Hydropytes (Plants that grow in water and waterlogged soils) * Halophytes (Plants that grow in saline environment. ) * Xerophytes (Plants that grow in dry or arid condition. 3. Temperature Affects the plant and cooled blooded animals by controlling their metabolism. Affect the water loss of the organism.Most organism function at temperature between 0 degree to 50 degree centigrade.. 4. Wind An agent of pollination and seed dispersal. It also affects transpiration in the plants by causing faster evaporation with in their surroundings. Pathways of energy Energy It is needed by the organism for growth, maintenance and repair and for life. Organism obtain their energy by two ways Autotrophy (producing their own food) Heterotrophy (eating other organism) Food Chain Consist of the sequence of organism that eat other organism through which energy is transferred. Every food chain starts a producer and end with decomposers.Trophic levels of food chain First trophic ( producers) Second trophic (herbivores called primary consumers) Third trophic (carnivore that eat hervobores) 4th trophic (carnivores that eat carnivores) In food chain the energy transferred from one trophic level to another is decreasing. Food web Consist of several interlocking food chain. It is a transfer of energy involving several pathways. Nutrients cycle Classification of Nutrien ts Macronutrients those that are required by organism by large quantities. Ex. Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen Micronutrient are needed by the organism by smaller amounts.Ex. Sulfur, potassium, iron, and phosphorus. Water Cycles Evaporation (from bodies of water) Respiration ( from animals) Transpiration (from the trees) Condensation (accumulation of all the vapors, transpiration and respiration) Precipitation (for rain) Runoff (water run from the higher grounds) one C and Oxygen cycle Carbon is mostly present in the environment by cabon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is present at It could be found at dead organism. Volcano eruption. Respiration of animals. Oxygen is abundant in plants transpiration, it is release in the air as a waste product and absorbed by animals. north Cycles Nitrogen constitutes 78% of air in the atmosphere. Plants used it as a nitrates, and nitrogen converted it by two process The action of lightning. Process of action by specialized organism such as legum es. Communities Community Group of different kinds of organism or species living together in a particular place. Worlds Major communities 1. Dessert Biome Bushes and shrubs for vegetation Sandy, dry and loose type of soil. Less than 10 cm of rain fall in a year. Lizards, snakes, eagles, owls, toads, insects and small